{"id":960,"date":"2020-11-17T11:15:07","date_gmt":"2020-11-17T11:15:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/?page_id=960"},"modified":"2020-11-17T11:20:36","modified_gmt":"2020-11-17T11:20:36","slug":"elevator-energy-simulation-model","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/index.php\/papers\/elevator-energy-simulation-model\/","title":{"rendered":"Elevator Energy Simulation Model"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"960\" class=\"elementor elementor-960\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2bd44fca elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"26214\" data-id=\"2bd44fca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-624c56e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"624c56e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elevator Energy Simulation Model\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-550f1783 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"550f1783\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lutfi Al-Sharif [i], Richard Peters [ii], Rory Smith [iii]<br \/>Al-Sharif VTC Ltd., UK [i]<br \/>Peters Research Ltd., UK [ii]<br \/>ThyssenKrupp Elevator Inc., USA [iii]<\/p><p><strong>Key Words:<\/strong>\u00a0 Energy consumption, simulation, motors, drives, mathematical modelling<\/p><p><em>This paper was presented at ELEVCON\u00a0ISTANBUL 2004, The International Congress on Vertical Transportation Technologies\u00a0and first published in the IAEE book &#8220;Elevator Technology 14&#8221;, edited by A. Lustig.\u00a0 It is reproduced with permission from The International Assocication of Elevator Engineers.\u00a0 The paper was republished by Elevator World (November 2004).\u00a0 This web version \u00a9 Peters Research Ltd 2009.<\/em><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3>Abstract<\/h3><p>Current methods for calculating elevator energy consumption rely on rules of thumb, the accuracy of which is very limited.\u00a0 In this paper a new general energy modelling approach is proposed.\u00a0 The resulting energy model can be used to calculate the energy consumption of any individual elevator trip.\u00a0 The energy model is linked to an elevator traffic simulation program, which enables the energy consumption of an elevator installation to be calculated in any building, and for any passenger traffic scenario.<\/p><h3><br \/>1.\u00a0Introduction<\/h3><p>The energy consumption of an elevator installation is a significant proportion of the total building electrical load.\u00a0 Estimates range from 5 to 15% [1] depending on the other services installed in the building.\u00a0 Understanding energy usage and costs is becoming increasingly important to clients of the elevator industry.\u00a0 Thus it is necessary to able to predict, with reasonable accuracy, the energy usage of a new elevator installation and of an existing installation post modernization.<\/p><h3><br \/>2.\u00a0Basic models for calculating energy consumption<\/h3><h4>2.1\u00a0General<\/h4><p>Section 13 of CIBSE Guide D\u00a0<em>Transportation systems in buildings<\/em>\u00a0[1] provides an overview of calculation techniques which can be applied to estimate how much energy an elevator installation will consume.<\/p><h4>2.2\u00a0Doolard\u2019s measurements<\/h4><p>Doolard carried out a large number of measurements on various elevator drives [2].\u00a0 He measured the energy consumed by each elevator when it made a round trip: up three floors and back, then down three floors and back.\u00a0 The elevators were empty.\u00a0 The results were normalised against the mass of the car and plotted against rated speed.\u00a0 In themselves, Doolard\u2019s measurements were not a means for calculating the energy consumption of other elevator installations, but an indicative comparison between the different elevator drive technologies.\u00a0 CIBSE Guide D Transportation systems in buildings [1] provides a method for using Doolard\u2019s results to make the extrapolation so that the data can be applied to other installations.<\/p><h4>2.3\u00a0Schroeder\u2019s method<\/h4><p>Schroeder developed a simple method for calculating energy consumption using a table and basic formulae [3].\u00a0 The table estimates the duration of a typical journey for an elevator depending on the number of floors in the building and the speed of the elevator.\u00a0 By using the number of elevator starts per day, and by assuming that the motor was drawing its full power during running, an estimate for the daily energy consumption of the elevator is made.\u00a0 Multiplying this by the number of working days per year and then dividing by the area in the building, a figure of merit can be calculated to assess the energy consumed by the elevators per m\u00b2 of the building per year.<\/p><h4>2.4\u00a0Discussion<\/h4><p>In CIBSE Guide D Transportation systems in buildings the Doolard and Schroeder methods are compared in an example, and are shown to be inconsistent by almost a factor of two!\u00a0 These methods are only suitable for rule of thumb calculations, and for making comparative assessments between different configurations.\u00a0 They cannot assess the benefits of regenerative drives, different roping arrangements, different efficiency motors or gearboxes, and so on.\u00a0 The models are based on fixed journey lengths without reference to speed or acceleration.\u00a0 Given the importance of energy saving, a better means of calculating energy consumption is required.\u00a0 The model conceived by the authors could be used to calculate the energy consumption of any single elevator trip.\u00a0 The modelling approach proposed breaks the elevator trip down into the main energy consuming components, which are discussed in the following section.<\/p><h3><br \/>3. Basic principles of energy transfer<\/h3><p>A counterweighted traction elevator acts as a storage device for energy.\u00a0 In an ideal world, with no friction and losses, \u2018energy is never consumed in an elevator; it is borrowed and then returned\u2019.\u00a0 Taking an office building as an example, all of the passengers who go up the elevators in the morning, will come down again.\u00a0 So, unless they choose to take the stairs, the potential energy that has been \u2018stored\u2019 in them in the morning will be returned to the system in the afternoon.\u00a0 It is the inefficiencies in the system that cause the loss of energy.\u00a0 In fact, had it not been for the inefficiencies in the elevator system, there would be no need to study energy consumption in elevators, as the net consumption of energy in the long term would be zero!<\/p><p>The elevator system basically converts the input electrical energy into mechanical output energy, with losses in the form of heat (and some noise).\u00a0 Taking a simplified diagram representing energy flow into and out of the elevator system (see Figure 1), there are three active phases in energy flow:\u00a0 system being accelerated, constant speed phase and deceleration phase.<\/p><p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Elevatorenergysimulationmodel\/image002.gif\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" \/><br \/><strong><em>Figure 1\u00a0\u00a0 Diagram representing the flow of energy during different<br \/>phases of an elevator trip<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>Measurements have been carried out on a wide range of elevator systems in order to understand the flow of energy into and out of the system.\u00a0 As an example, Figure 2 shows the energy consumption of an 1800 kg elevator running at 2 m\/s.\u00a0 The journeys are plotted for up and down trips with the car carrying 25%, 42%\u00a0 and 75% of its rated load.\u00a0 The system is counterbalanced at 42% of rated load; in this case the mass of the car plus the mass of the load is equal to the mass of the counterweight.\u00a0 Figure 2 is divided into five distinct phases, for which the energy flow can be summarised as follows:<\/p><p>1.\u00a0When the elevator is stationary prior to the start of the journey, the only energy consumed is that needed to keep the controller running.<\/p><p>2.\u00a0Once the elevator starts accelerating, energy is drawn by the system to provide kinetic energy for the moving masses.\u00a0 Potential energy will also be drawn or returned as in the following phase 3.<\/p><p>3.\u00a0At the end of the acceleration phase, no more kinetic energy is needed as the speed is constant.\u00a0 For cars travelling up: if the car plus its load is heavier than the counterweight, then the system is drawing and storing potential energy.\u00a0 If the counterweight is heavier, then the system is returning potential energy.\u00a0 Similarly for cars travelling down, potential energy may be stored or returned.<\/p><p>4.\u00a0At the end of the constant speed phase, the elevator starts decelerating and the kinetic energy that has been stored in the moving masses is being returned.\u00a0 Potential energy will also be drawn or returned as in phase 3.<\/p><p>5.\u00a0Once the elevator comes to a standstill, the elevator returns to the first phase above, where the only energy consumed is that needed to keep the controller running.<\/p><p>When the net energy required is negative, regenerative drives will return the energy back to the supply; in Figure 2 this is represented by the shaded area of the graph.<\/p><p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Elevatorenergysimulationmodel\/image006.gif\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" \/><br \/><strong><em>Figure 2\u00a0\u00a0 Speed and energy consumption of an elevator carrying different loads<\/em><\/strong><\/p><h3><br \/>4.\u00a0Energy simulation model<\/h3><h4>4.1\u00a0Implementation<\/h4><p>Applying the concepts discussed, mathematical models were developed.\u00a0 Hydraulic and electric elevators require different, but similar models.\u00a0 The mathematics is complex and outside the scope of this paper.\u00a0 The models have been implemented using the C++ programming language.\u00a0 Calibration of the models is based on measurements taken by the authors at a wide range elevator installations, utilising equipment from different manufacturers.<\/p><p>For an individual site, the model can be calibrated to match almost exactly the energy consumption of a trip of any distance, in either direction, and for any load.\u00a0<br \/>\u00a0<br \/>Figure\u00a0 3 shows a graph of energy consumption for different trips of the same distance by an electric elevator.\u00a0 Each plot is for a trip the same distance, but in different directions and for different loads.\u00a0 Figure\u00a0 4 shows the same trips with the energy consumption calculated by the mathematical model.<\/p><p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Elevatorenergysimulationmodel\/image011.gif\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" \/><br \/><strong><em>Figure 3\u00a0\u00a0 Measured energy consumption of an 1800 kg elevator for trips in both<br \/>directions with the elevator carrying different loads<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Elevatorenergysimulationmodel\/image015.gif\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" \/>\u00a0<br \/><strong><em>Figure 4\u00a0\u00a0 Energy consumption as calculated by the energy model for<br \/>the elevator trips shown in Figure 3<br \/><\/em><\/strong><br \/>Having built a model that could calculate the energy consumption for any trip of any load and direction, this is best applied in conjunction with a traffic simulation program.\u00a0 A non-proprietary traffic simulation program, Elevate\u2122, was customised to apply the new energy model.<\/p><p>The traffic simulation program uses the information about the elevator installation and passenger traffic to give the energy model details of every trip that is made.\u00a0 The energy model calculates the power consumed, displaying a Watt-hour meter during simulations, and the total power consumed at the end of the simulation (see Figure 5).\u00a0 Power factor measurements will be added to a future version of the model.<\/p><p><br \/>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Elevatorenergysimulationmodel\/image019.jpg\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p><p><strong><em>Figure 5\u00a0\u00a0 Simulation Model showing kWh measurement<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p><br \/>By generating a passenger traffic profile for a whole day, the daily energy consumption can be measured.\u00a0 Figure 6 is a representation of traffic for the whole day in an office building, based on measurements made in a multi-tenant office building [4].<br \/>\u00a0<br \/><br \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Elevatorenergysimulationmodel\/image021.jpg\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p><p><strong><em>Figure 6\u00a0\u00a0 Graphical Representation of traffic over a whole day in a<br \/>sample multi-tenant office building<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p><br \/>The model can be used to measure the effects of adjusting a wide range of variables, including:<\/p><p>\u00b7\u00a0type and efficiency of drive (motor)<br \/>\u00b7\u00a0whether the drive is regenerative or not<br \/>\u00b7\u00a0whether the installation is geared or gearless<br \/>\u00b7\u00a0roping arrangement including roping ratio and single\/double wrap<br \/>\u00b7\u00a0rated load of the car<br \/>\u00b7\u00a0mass of the empty car<br \/>\u00b7\u00a0counterbalancing ratio<br \/>\u00b7\u00a0floor heights<br \/>\u00b7\u00a0dispatcher logic<br \/>\u00b7\u00a0speed, acceleration and jerk values<\/p><h4>4.2\u00a0Application<\/h4><p>Figure 7 shows the Elevator Data input screen for the simulation model in Standard mode.\u00a0 For basic energy modelling, the user can simply select the drive.\u00a0 Inputs for gearing, regeneration, compensation, roping and wrap can selected, or left in Auto mode.\u00a0 In Auto mode, the program selects intelligent defaults for the inputs.<br \/><br \/><br \/>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Elevatorenergysimulationmodel\/image023.jpg\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p><p><em><strong>Figure 7\u00a0\u00a0 Simulation data input screen in Standard mode<br \/><\/strong><\/em><\/p><p>\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Elevatorenergysimulationmodel\/image025.jpg\" alt=\"\" border=\"0\" \/>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong><em>Figure 8\u00a0\u00a0 Simulation data input screen in Advanced mode<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p><br \/>Figure 8 shows the Elevator Data input screen in Advanced mode.\u00a0 In this mode, the user can specify every input to the model.\u00a0 This includes parameters like the mass of the car, efficiencies, counterbalancing ratio, rope length, etc.\u00a0 There is a speed fill button to fill the table with default data based on the Standard mode inputs.\u00a0<\/p><h3>\u00a0<br \/>5.\u00a0Conclusions<\/h3><p>Energy modelling is a complex subject, and previous methods have provided only basic rules of thumb.\u00a0 The new energy simulation model is a major step forward on previous approaches.\u00a0 Energy modelling will always present some uncertainty, as usage cannot be predicted with total precision.\u00a0 But now there is an energy simulation model that is fundamentally sound.<\/p><p>The energy simulation model provides a tool to assess the energy consumption of a new elevator installation, and a means of assessing the energy benefits associated with modernization.\u00a0 It is also straightforward to calculate the payback time for options such as selecting an electric elevators over a hydraulic, or a regenerative drive over a non-regenerative drive.<\/p><p>The energy model is currently being used to assess energy consumption for new elevator systems, and for modernization projects.\u00a0 It is also being applied in research to develop new energy saving technologies.<\/p><p><br \/><br \/><strong>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<\/strong><\/p><p>This research project was commissioned and managed by Mr. Smith for the ThyssenKrupp TRIaD Product Planning Group.\u00a0 The mathematical models were conceived by Dr. Al-Sharif, and developed by Dr. Al-Sharif with the assistance of Dr. Peters.\u00a0 The site measurements required to calibrate the model were made with the assistance of Mr. Smith, and the ThyssenKrupp offices in London and Chicago.<\/p><p>The energy model discussed in this paper is a ThyssenKrupp enhancement to the Peters Research Ltd simulation software, Elevate\u2122.\u00a0 Clients of ThyssenKrupp wishing to apply the energy model should enquire at their local ThyssenKrupp sales office.<\/p><p><br \/><br \/><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>Al-Sharif\u00a0 L Lift and Escalator Energy Consumption, Section 13: CIBSE Guide D, Transportation Systems in Buildings (The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers)(2000) ISBN 1 903287 09 X<\/li><li>Doolard D A\u00a0 Energy Consumption of different types of lift drive system\u00a0 Elevator Technology 4, Proceedings of ELEVCON 1992 (The International Association of Elevator Engineers) (1992)<\/li><li>Schroeder J\u00a0 The Energy Consumption of Elevators\u00a0 Elevator Technology 1, (Chichester: Ellis Horwood) (1986)<\/li><li>Siikonen M\u00a0 On Traffic Planning Methodology\u00a0 Elevator Technology 10, Proceedings of ELEVCON 2000 (The International Association of Elevator Engineers) (2000)<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Elevator Energy Simulation Model Lutfi Al-Sharif [i], Richard Peters [ii], Rory Smith [iii]Al-Sharif VTC Ltd., UK [i]Peters Research Ltd., UK [ii]ThyssenKrupp Elevator Inc., USA [iii] Key Words:\u00a0 Energy consumption, simulation, motors, drives, mathematical modelling This paper was presented at ELEVCON\u00a0ISTANBUL 2004, The International Congress on Vertical Transportation Technologies\u00a0and first published in the IAEE book &#8220;Elevator [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":860,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_canvas","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-960","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - 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