{"id":1143,"date":"2020-11-17T12:19:23","date_gmt":"2020-11-17T12:19:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/?page_id=1143"},"modified":"2020-11-17T12:24:05","modified_gmt":"2020-11-17T12:24:05","slug":"understanding-en-81-77-2013-pren-81-77-2017-lifts-subject-to-seismic-conditions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/index.php\/papers\/understanding-en-81-77-2013-pren-81-77-2017-lifts-subject-to-seismic-conditions\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding EN 81-77: 2013 &#038; prEN 81-77: 2017. Lifts Subject to Seismic Conditions"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1143\" class=\"elementor elementor-1143\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2bd44fca elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"71887\" data-id=\"2bd44fca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-691f4c74\" data-eae-slider=\"37941\" data-id=\"691f4c74\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1907e04f elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-624c56e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"624c56e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Understanding EN 81-77: 2013 &amp; prEN 81-77: 2017. Lifts Subject to Seismic Conditions\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-550f1783 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"550f1783\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rory S. Smith<\/p><p>University of Northampton\u00a0<br \/>Northampton UK<\/p><p>This paper was presented at The 7th Symposium on Lift &amp; Escalator Technology (CIBSE Lifts Group, The University of Northampton and LEIA) (2017).\u00a0 This web version \u00a9 Peters Research Ltd 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong>\u00a0Lifts, Standards, Earthquakes<\/p><p><strong>Abstract.<\/strong>\u00a0Around the Pacific Rim, the potential for earthquakes to severely damage lifts has been recognized for decades.\u00a0 EN 81-77: 2013, enacted in November 2013 now brings seismic standards to the rest of the world.\u00a0 This standard addresses the seismic risks to lifts and establishes standards for mitigation. European Standard prEN 81-77: 2017 makes changes to the existing standard [10].<\/p><p>These standards are explained in practical terms, examples of seismic damage, particularly in California, are explored, and the reduction in damage that has occurred in subsequent earthquakes as a result of new codes enacted after each major earthquake are examined.<\/p><h3>1\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Introduction<\/h3><p>EN 81-77: 2013 states the aims of the standard, describes the hazards to lifts caused by seismic accelerations, defines protective measures that can be taken to deal with the hazards, and quantify anticipated accelerations at a specific site [1].<\/p><p>Before reviewing EN 81-77: 2013, it is important to have an overview of how earthquakes are caused and where they can be expected to occur.<\/p><h3>2\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Earthquakes<\/h3><p>The outermost shell of the earth is made up of Tectonic plates [2].\u00a0 These individual plates are in contact with each other and in constant motion relative to each other.\u00a0 There are two types of plates; continental and oceanic.\u00a0 The major landmasses are part of the continental plates while most of the ocean\u2019s floor is made up of oceanic plates.\u00a0 Oceanic plates are thinner and denser than continental plates.<\/p><p>The motion between plates is not smooth.\u00a0 The plates are often bound together at a location known as an asperity and remain bound until there is sufficient stress to cause a sudden movement of the plates [3].\u00a0 These sudden movements are known as earthquakes.\u00a0<\/p><p>When an oceanic plate and a continental plate converge, the dense oceanic plate is driven under the less dense continental plate.\u00a0 This action is known as subduction [3].\u00a0 Friction between the plates causes intense heating which melts the rock and the molten rock being less dense that the continental rock rises through the rock and causes volcanos to appear on land.\u00a0 Subduction is not smooth and so the movement causes earthquakes.\u00a0 The Pacific Northwest of the USA, home of the Mt. St. Helens volcano, is an example of this type of convergence.<\/p><p>When two oceanic plates converge, the underwater convergence also involves subduction of the denser of the two plates.\u00a0 Earthquakes are always a part of the subduction process.\u00a0 The friction between the two oceanic plates also melts the rock and creates volcanos that rise above the surface of the sea in the form of island arcs.\u00a0 The Japanese Islands are one such island arc [2].<\/p><p>When two continental plates converge, mountain ranges are formed.\u00a0 The convergence of the Asiatic plate and the India plate has formed the Himalayan Mountains and resulted earthquakes.<\/p><p>When two plates slide past each other they form a transform boundary.\u00a0 The two plates grind against each other creating earthquakes.\u00a0 The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary.<\/p><h3>3\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The Aim of EN 81-77: 2013<\/h3><p>The Introduction of EN 81-77: 2013 states the following [1]:<\/p><p>Avoid loss of life and reduce the extent of injuries<\/p><p>Avoid people trapped in the lift<\/p><p>Avoid damage<\/p><p>Avoid environmental problems related to oil leakage<\/p><p>Reduce the number of lifts out of service<\/p><h3>4\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Hazards Identified in EN 81-77: 2013<\/h3><p>The hazards to lifts identified in EN 81-77: 2013 that can be caused by seismic activity includes the following [1]<\/p><ol><li>Ropes, belts, chains, and traveling cables can get snagged by components in the hoistway.<\/li><li>Car frames can become separated from the rails.\u00a0 This can result in collisions with building elements and other lift components.<\/li><li>Counterweight frames leaving the rails.\u00a0 This has resulted in counterweights colliding with cabs, potentially at rated speed.<\/li><li>Counterweight filler weights leaving the frame.\u00a0 Falling filler weights can cause damage.\u00a0 A reduction in counterweight mass can result in a loss of traction.<\/li><li>Hydraulic pipe rupture.\u00a0 Unchecked, pipe rupture can cause a car to fall.\u00a0 Hydraulic fluids, depending on their type, can pollute.<\/li><li>Hydraulic tank rupture.\u00a0 Hydraulic fluids, in addition to having a potential to pollute can constitute a fire hazard.<\/li><li>Guide rail deflections that let the car or counterweight leave their guides.\u00a0 This creates a collision hazard.<\/li><li>Machinery anchorage.\u00a0 Poorly anchored machinery has been known to \u201cdance\u201d across the machine room floor during earthquakes.\u00a0 Such machinery will not be able to function after an earthquake.<\/li><li>Landing switches and final limit switches that need to be able to withstand the accelerations associated with an earthquake and be guarded against impact by ropes.<\/li><li>Loss of electrical power. An automatic rescue device can avoid entrapments.<\/li><li>Car doors can come open and that can permit passengers to become injured.\u00a0 Car door locks can prevent this condition.<\/li><\/ol><h3>5\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Design Acceleration<\/h3><p>The accelerations that act on the lift as a result of an earthquake are directly related to the damage that the earthquake can produce.\u00a0 The greater the acceleration, the greater the effort required to mitigate the risk.\u00a0 For this reason, the standard requires that a calculation of the potential accelerations at the installation site to be calculated.<\/p><p>The EN 81-77: 2013 provides the following two formulas are used to calculate design acceleration [1]:<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Equa1.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"133\" height=\"45\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (1)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Equ2.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"251\" height=\"67\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(2)<\/p><p>Where:<\/p><p><em>\u03b1<sub>d<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0represents the design acceleration in meters per second squared.<\/p><p><em>g<\/em>\u00a0represents the gravitational acceleration 9.81m\/s\u00b2.<\/p><p><em>S<\/em><em><sub>\u03b1<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0represents a non-dimensional seismic coefficient.<\/p><p><em>\u03b3<sub>\u03b1<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0represents an importance factor for a building.\u00a0 Minimum value is 1 but could be higher for buildings such as hospitals.<\/p><p><em>q<\/em><em><sub>\u03b1<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0represents the behavior factor of an element and has a value of 2.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Equ0.1.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"14\" height=\"18\" \/>\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Equ.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"61\" height=\"26\" \/>\u00a0Where\u00a0<em>a<sub>g<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0represents the ground acceleration expected for a particular location with Type A soil.<\/p><p><em>T<\/em><em><sub>\u03b1<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0represents the fundamental vibration period, expressed in seconds, of the non-structural element.\u00a0 T_a = 0 if the lift does not affect the fundamental vibration period of the building.<\/p><p><em>T<\/em><sub>1<\/sub>\u00a0represents the fundamental vibration period, expressed in seconds of the building.<\/p><p><em>z<\/em>\u00a0represents the height, in meters, of the non-structural element above the application level of the seismic action.<\/p><p><em>H<\/em>\u00a0represents the building height in meters above the application level of the seismic action.<\/p><p>The values for local accelerations are in documents published by the individual countries.\u00a0 The values of S for the various ground types is shown in Table 1 below taken from EN 1998-1: 2004 [4]:<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Table 1 Ground Types and\u00a0<em>S<\/em>\u00a0values<\/strong><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Ground Type\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td><td><strong><em>S<\/em><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A<\/td><td>Rock<\/td><td>\u00a0 \u00a01.0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>B<\/td><td>Very dense sand, gravel, or clay<\/td><td>\u00a0 \u00a01.2\u00a0 \u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C<\/td><td>Dense sand, gravel, or clay<\/td><td>\u00a0 \u00a01.25\u00a0 \u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D<\/td><td>Loose to medium cohesionless soil or soft to firm cohesive soil<\/td><td>\u00a0 \u00a01.35\u00a0 \u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E<\/td><td>Surface alluvial layer of C or D, 5 to 20 meters thick over a much stiffer material\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0 \u00a01.4\u00a0 \u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0The values of\u00a0<em>\u03b3<sub>\u03b1<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0are shown in Table 2 taken from EN 1998-1: 2004 below [4]:<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Table 2 Building types and importance values<\/strong><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Importance Class\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Building Type<\/strong><\/td><td><strong><em>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u03b3<sub>\u03b1\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/sub><\/em><\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>I<\/td><td>Buildings of minor importance for public safety, (agricultural buildings, etc.)<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>II<\/td><td>Ordinary buildings, not belonging in other categories<\/td><td>1.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>III<\/td><td>Buildings whose seismic resistance is of importance in view of the consequences<br \/>associated with a collapse, (schools, assembly halls, cultural institutions, etc.)<\/td><td>1.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IV<\/td><td>Buildings whose integrity during earthquakes is of vital importance for civil protection, (hospitals, fire stations, power plants, etc.)<\/td><td>1.4<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The design acceleration formulae can be simplified.\u00a0 In the formula below, q_\u03b1 is a constant with a value of 2.\u00a0 Therefore the formula can be restated as follows:<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Equ3.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"115\" height=\"36\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(3)<\/p><p>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Equ4.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"232\" height=\"69\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (4)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>The shaded area, in many cases, has a value of 2.5, because\u00a0<em>z\/H<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0<em>T<sub>\u03b1<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0often have values of zero.\u00a0 Therefore,\u00a0<em>S<sub>\u03b1<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0is as follows:<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Equ5.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"138\" height=\"26\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(5)<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Combining the simplified formulae into one formula yields the following:<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Equ6.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"221\" height=\"36\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 (6)<\/p><p>It is now possible to understand how the various parameters affect the design acceleration as follows:<\/p><p>The value of\u00a0<em>\u03b1<\/em>\u00a0increases in proportion to the magnitude of accelerations at a particular site.<\/p><p>The value of\u00a0<em>S<\/em>\u00a0increases as the soil becomes less solid.<\/p><p>The value of\u00a0<em>\u03b3<sub>\u03b1<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0increases with the importance of the building.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3>6\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Seismic lift Categories<\/h3><p>EN 81-77: 2013 (Table A.1) establishes Seismic Lift Categories based design acceleration.\u00a0 Table 3 defines those categories.<\/p><p><strong>Table 3 Design accelerations and Seismic Lift Categories<\/strong><\/p><table><tbody><tr><td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Design acceleration (m\/s\u00b2)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Seismic lift category\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/td><td>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Comment\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Acc1.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"67\" height=\"17\" \/><\/td><td>0<\/td><td>The requirements of EN 81-20 are adequate.\u00a0 No further actions required<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Acc2.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"77\" height=\"18\" \/><\/td><td>1<\/td><td>Minor corrective actions required<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Acc3.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"75\" height=\"19\" \/><\/td><td>2<\/td><td>Medium corrective actions required<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/UnderstandingEN81\/Acc4.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"48\" height=\"16\" \/><\/td><td>3<\/td><td>Substantial corrective actions required<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>\u00a0<\/p><h3>7\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Corrective measures for Categories 0, 1, 2, and 3<\/h3><p>The corrective measures for each category include the corrective measures for categories of a lower number.\u00a0 For example, Category 3 must address the corrective measures for Categories 0, 1, 2, and 3 while Category 2 must only comply with the requirements for 0, 1, and 2.\u00a0 Likewise Category 1 must only comply with Category 0 and 1 requirements.<\/p><p>The corrective measures must be based on the design accelerations for the particular Category.\u00a0 In most cases, design documents must be prepared.<\/p><h4>7.1\u00a0 \u00a0Category 0<\/h4><p>The lift must only comply with EN 81-20.<\/p><h4>7.2\u00a0 \u00a0Category 1<\/h4><p>The following preventive measures are required:<\/p><ol><li>Prevention of snag points<\/li><li>Machinery spaces and hoistway located on the same side of expansion joint<\/li><li>Counterweight retaining devices<\/li><li>Protection of traction sheaves<\/li><li>Compensating chain guides<\/li><li>Precautions against environmental damage<\/li><li>Guide rail system<\/li><li>Machinery\u00a0<\/li><li>Electrical installations in the hoistway<\/li><li>Information for use<\/li><\/ol><h4>7.3\u00a0 \u00a0Category 2<\/h4><p>The following additional preventive measures are required for Category 2:<\/p><ol><li>Car retaining devices<\/li><li>Car door locking devices<\/li><li>Special car behavior in case of power failure<\/li><\/ol><h4>7.4\u00a0 \u00a0Category 3<\/h4><p>Category 3 requires the following measures in addition to those required for Category 1 and 2:<\/p><ol><li>Seismic detection system<\/li><li>Seismic operation mode<\/li><li>Primary wave detection system (Optional)<\/li><\/ol><h3>8\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The California experience<\/h3><p>Three major earthquakes in California caused serious lift damage.\u00a0 The earthquakes are known as the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake, the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, and the 1994 Northridge Earthquake.\u00a0 Each earthquake revealed areas that needed protection and caused caused California code changes to be adopted.<\/p><h4>8.1\u00a0 \u00a01971 San Fernando Earthquake<\/h4><p>At the time this magnitude 6.6 earthquake struck on February 9, 1971, the lift code in place did not address seismic events.\u00a0 674 counterweights came out of their rails [5].\u00a0<\/p><p>As a result of the lift damages, the lift code was modified in 1975 and required modifications to virtually all existing lifts.<\/p><h4>8.2\u00a0 \u00a01989 Loma Prieta Earthquake<\/h4><p>This magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck 70 km south of the San Francisco Bay area on October 17, 1989 [6].\u00a0 The electrical grid serving the San Francisco Bay area failed near the earthquake\u2019s epicenter.\u00a0 As a result, most elevators were stopped due to lack of power before the seismic waves reached the lifts.<\/p><p>Only 98 counterweights came out of their guides.\u00a0 However, there were 6 car and counterweight collisions that occurred when power was restored.\u00a0 Although, these lifts had seismic switches installed, they were not battery backed up.\u00a0 When the power was returned, the cars were free to run with counterweights out of their guides.<\/p><p>Codes were changed requiring battery back-up or latching contacts on seismic switches.<\/p><h4>8.3\u00a0 \u00a01994 Northridge Earthquake<\/h4><p>Although this earthquake that struck on January 17, 1994 only was a magnitude 6.7 quake, sensors recorded the highest ground accelerations ever observed in North America. 688 counterweights left their guides [7, 8].<\/p><p>As a result of the experience gained by analyzing the damage caused by this earthquake, seismic codes were established not just in California, but in all of the USA.<\/p><h3>9\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0The updated Standard<\/h3><p>European Standard prEN 81-77: 2017 makes changes to the existing standard.\u00a0 The changes are summarized as follows:<\/p><ol><li>EN 81-20: 2014 and EN 81-50: 2014 are referenced in lieu of EN 81-1 and its revisions.<\/li><li>Additional references to EN 81-72,\u00a0<em>Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts \u2013 Particular application for passenger and goods passenger lifts \u2013 Part 72: Firefighter lifts.[10]<\/em><\/li><li>Reference is made to EN 81-73,\u00a0<em>Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts \u2013 Particular application for passenger and goods passenger lifts \u2013 Part 73: Behavior of lifts in the event of fire [11].<\/em><\/li><li>Section 5, Protective Measures has some modifications.<\/li><li>Section 6, Verification of safety requirements and or protective measures has changes in Subsections 6.1 and 6.2.<\/li><li>Annex C, Primary Wave detection has changes in trigger level and frequency response<\/li><li>Annex D, Proof of guide rails uses additional parameters in the calculations.<\/li><\/ol><h3>10\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Conclusions<\/h3><p>Earthquakes are a serious problem in seismically active areas.\u00a0 There are serious costs associated with addressing this problem.\u00a0 However, there are serious consequences if these issues are not addressed.\u00a0 EN 81-77: 2013 addresses this problem.<\/p><p>This standard at first seems complex, however, in its simplified form one can assess its impact on most projects.\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>European Standard EN 81-77: 2013\u00a0<em>Safety rules for construction and installation of lifts \u2013 Particular Applications for passenger and goods passenger lifts Part 77: Lifts subject to seismic condition.\u00a0<\/em><\/li><li>Spooner, A.\u00a0<em>Geology for Dummies<\/em>. Wiley, Hoboken, (2011).<\/li><li><em>Earthquake Glossary<\/em>\u00a0Available from: https:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/learn\/glossary\/?alpha=ALL\u00a0 Last accessed: 20 June, 2017<\/li><li>European Standard EN 1998-1: 2004\u00a0<em>Eurocode 8<\/em>. Design of structures for earthquake resistance. General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings.<\/li><li><em>1971 San Fernando Earthquake<\/em>\u00a0 Available from: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1971_San_Fernando_earthquake\u00a0 Last accessed: 22 June, 2017<\/li><li><em>1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake<\/em>\u00a0 Available from: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake\u00a0 Last Accessed: 22 June, 2017<\/li><li><em>1994 Northridge Earthquake\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0Available from: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1994_Northridge_earthquake\u00a0 Last accessed: 22 June, 2017<\/li><li>FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency Reducing the Risks of Non-structural Earthquake Damage Washington, DC, (1994)<\/li><li>European Standard EN 81-77: 2017\u00a0<em>Safety rules for construction and installation of lifts \u2013 Particular Applications for passenger and goods passenger lifts Part 77: Lifts subject to seismic condition.<\/em><\/li><li>European Standard EN 81-72,\u00a0<em>Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts \u2013 Particular application for passenger and goods passenger lifts \u2013 Part 72: Firefighter lifts.<\/em><\/li><li>European Standard EN 81-73,\u00a0<em>Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts \u2013 Particular application for passenger and goods passenger lifts \u2013 Part 73: Behavior of lifts in the event of fire.<\/em><\/li><\/ol><p>BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS<\/p><p>Rory Smith is Visiting Professor in Lift Technology at the University of Northampton.\u00a0 He has over 48 years of lift industry experience during which he held positions in sales, research and development, manufacturing, installation, service, and modernization.\u00a0 His areas of special interest are Machine Learning, Traffic Analysis, dispatching algorithms, and ride quality.\u00a0 Numerous patents have been awarded for his work.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Understanding EN 81-77: 2013 &#038; prEN 81-77: 2017. Lifts Subject to Seismic Conditions Rory S. Smith University of Northampton\u00a0Northampton UK This paper was presented at The 7th Symposium on Lift &amp; Escalator Technology (CIBSE Lifts Group, The University of Northampton and LEIA) (2017).\u00a0 This web version \u00a9 Peters Research Ltd 2018 Keywords:\u00a0Lifts, Standards, Earthquakes Abstract.\u00a0Around [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":860,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_canvas","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1143","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Understanding EN 81-77: 2013 &amp; prEN 81-77: 2017. 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