{"id":1085,"date":"2020-11-17T11:51:33","date_gmt":"2020-11-17T11:51:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/?page_id=1085"},"modified":"2020-11-17T12:10:08","modified_gmt":"2020-11-17T12:10:08","slug":"robots-non-human-passengers","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/index.php\/papers\/robots-non-human-passengers\/","title":{"rendered":"Robots, Non-human Passengers"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1085\" class=\"elementor elementor-1085\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2bd44fca elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"85574\" data-id=\"2bd44fca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31529b70 elementor-align-center animated-fast elementor-hidden-phone elementor-invisible elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"31529b70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;fadeIn&quot;,&quot;_animation_delay&quot;:0}\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xl elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/store.peters-research.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Store\u200b<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-45d24470 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"28421\" data-id=\"45d24470\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48487994\" data-eae-slider=\"83295\" data-id=\"48487994\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-624c56e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"624c56e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Robots, Non-human Passengers\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-550f1783 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"550f1783\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Rory Smith<\/p><p>The University of Northampton\u00a0<br \/>Northampton UK\u00a0<span id=\"cloakd80e54b8b89c9d2b6e6fbce956ac2dcb\"><\/span><\/p><p>This paper was presented at The 9th Symposium on Lift &amp; Escalator Technology (CIBSE Lifts Group, The University of Northampton and LEIA) (2018).\u00a0 This web version \u00a9 Peters Research Ltd 2018<\/p><p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong>\u00a0Lifts, robots, traffic handling.<\/p><p><strong>Abstract.<\/strong>\u00a0Lifts are increasingly being called upon to transport robots between floors in multi-story buildings. The robots that are presently available place special demands on lifts and those demands affect traffic handling.\u00a0 The special demands are explained and the impact of those demands on waiting time and transit time are reviewed using simulation.<\/p><h3>1\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Introduction<\/h3><h4>1.1\u00a0 \u00a0Robot types<\/h4><p>There are two principal types of robots; Industrial Robots and Service Robots. Industrial robots are used for manufacturing [1]. A Service Robot is defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as a robot \u201cthat performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial automation applications\u201d [2].<\/p><p>Service Robots are further subdivided into three categories by the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) [3]:<\/p><ol><li>Professional service robots<\/li><li>Service robots for domestic\/household tasks<\/li><li>Service robots for entertainment<\/li><\/ol><p>Service robots for domestic\/household tasks are such things as robotic carpet cleaners.\u00a0 Service robots for entertainment are essentially toys.\u00a0 Therefore, this paper addresses only professional service robots.<\/p><p>While there are many types of professional service robots, including some that milk cows and others that have military applications, there is a subset of professional service robots that will ride in lifts with humans.\u00a0 ISO 13482 further defines these types of robots as \u201cMobile Servant Robots\u201d [4].<\/p><p>Mobile servant robots are classified as either Type 1.1 or Type 1.2 based on the following characteristics:<\/p><p>Type 1.1: small AND light weight AND slow AND no manipulator.<\/p><p>Type 1.2: large OR not light weight OR fast OR with manipulator.<\/p><h4>1.2\u00a0 \u00a0Building types where robots use lifts<\/h4><p>There are four building types where mobile servant robots are being applied in increasing numbers.\u00a0 These building types are hotels, office buildings, residential buildings, and hospitals.<\/p><p>In hotels, servant robots are being used for room service deliveries and for the delivery and movement of housekeeping carts.<\/p><p>In office, buildings robots are delivering packages and mail from sources outside the building as well as interoffice correspondence.<\/p><p>The growth of e-commerce has caused an increase of package deliveries to multi-story residential buildings.\u00a0 Robots are being used to make the final delivery from the lobby to the residential unit.<\/p><p>Hospitals have used pneumatic tube systems for delivery of medicines and the transport of medical records.\u00a0 Pneumatic tube manufacturers are now offering robots as an alternative to tubes [5].<\/p><h3>2\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0General safety standards for robots<\/h3><p>ISO 13482 establishes safety requirements for personal care robots [4].\u00a0 This standard identifies 53 hazards that need to be addressed through risk assessment.\u00a0 This standard establishes Performance Levels for the safety-related control functions.\u00a0 Performance Levels (PL) are defined in ISO 13849-1:2015 Safety of Machinery\u2014Safety-related parts of control systems [6].<\/p><p>Both Type 1.1 and Type 1.2 Mobile Servant Robots are required to achieve Performance Level (PL)<em>\u00a0d<\/em>\u00a0for their emergency stop function.\u00a0 For all other safety functions Type 1.1 robots much achieve PL\u00a0<em>b<\/em>\u00a0while Type 1.2 robots must achieve PL\u00a0<em>d<\/em>.<\/p><p>Performance Level b indicates that that the Probability of a dangerous failure is between 1 X 10<sup>-5<\/sup>\u00a0and 3 X 10<sup>-6<\/sup>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>Performance Level d indicates that that the Probability of a dangerous failure is between 1 X 10<sup>-6<\/sup>\u00a0and 1 X 10<sup>-7<\/sup>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><h3>3\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Robot charecteristics that affect Lifts<\/h3><h4>3.1\u00a0 \u00a0Mass &amp; Size<\/h4><p>There are two basic types of mobile servant robots that are manufactured by several manufacturers that need to use lifts to be effective.\u00a0 One type is a high mass vehicle that is referred to as a tug by one manufacturer [7].\u00a0 The other type of robot is a low mass unit used for room service.<\/p><p>The tug type of robot has a payload of 453 kg. The tug and its lead acid batteries also have significant mass.\u00a0 It is 1164 mm long and 570 mm wide.\u00a0 It has a turning envelope of 1270 mm.\u00a0 The turning envelope is a circle with a diameter of 1270 mm. The area of this envelop is 1.27 m\u00b2 [7].\u00a0 This is a Type 1.2 robot.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>The room service robot has a total mass, including payload, of 50 kg.\u00a0 This robot is cylindrical and its diameter is 500mm.\u00a0 The turning envelope is also 500 mm which makes the area of the envelope 0.2 m\u00b2 [8].\u00a0 This is a Type 1.1 robot.<\/p><p>The room service robot is designed to ride in the lift with human passengers.\u00a0 The mass, size, and turning envelop of the tug type robot needs a much larger lift.\u00a0 Consideration should be given limiting the access of a tug type robot to service lifts.<\/p><h4>3.2\u00a0 \u00a0Velocity<\/h4><p>Both types of robots have velocities of 0.76 m\/s.\u00a0 Humans walking to a lift can be assumed to have a walking speed of 1.0 m\/s [9].\u00a0 Walking speed is a component of loading time.<\/p><h4>3.3\u00a0 \u00a0Kinetic energy<\/h4><p>Kinetic Energy is defined by the following equation [10]:<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Robotsnonhumanpassengers\/Equation1.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"97\" height=\"36\" \/>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0(1)<\/p><p>Where:<em>KE<\/em>\u00a0represents Kinetic Energy<\/p><p><em>m<\/em>\u00a0represents mass<\/p><p><em>v<\/em>\u00a0represents velocity<\/p><p>The ASME A17.1 code has a kinetic energy limit and velocity limit for Dumbwaiters with Automatic Transfer Devices [11].\u00a0 An automatic transfer device is defined as \u201ca power-operated mechanism that automatically moves a load consisting of a cart, tote box, pallet, wheeled vehicle, box, or other similar object from and\/or to the car\u201d.\u00a0 The kinetic energy limit is 40 J and the velocity limit is 0.5 m\/s during unloading.\u00a0 These limitations do not apply directly to robots riding with human passengers as passengers do not ride in dumbwaiters.\u00a0 However, they give some guidance in the lack of a robot specific standard.<\/p><p>In the case of a tug type robot with a total mass of 600 kg (453 kg payload and 147 kg estimated tug mass), the loading speed would need to be reduced 0.365 m\/s during loading and unloading to comply with the 40 J limitation.<\/p><p>A room service robot operating at 0.76 m\/s does not exceed the 40J limit.\u00a0 However, it does exceed the 0.5 m\/s velocity maximum.\u00a0 Therefore, the maximum velocity during loading and unloading should be limited to 0.5 m\/s.\u00a0<\/p><p>Based on kinetic energy and velocity limits, the loading and unloading times for robots should be greater than the loading and unloading time for humans.<\/p><p>Data needs to be gathered by observing loading operations with robots operating at these speeds.\u00a0 In the absence of this data it would seem logical to add 1.2 seconds to both loading and unloading times when assessing the impact of robots on traffic handling performance. These increased times will increase waiting and transit times.<\/p><h4>3.4\u00a0 \u00a0Personal Space<\/h4><p>Personal Space, as it relates to lifts, defines the number of passengers that will ride in a lift at one time.\u00a0 CIBSE Guide D suggests that an adult male will occupy a space of 0.21 m\u00b2 [9].\u00a0 This is based on the male being a European or North American and does not include personal space.<\/p><p>Barney proposes that the design capacity of a lift should be based upon approximately 0.263 m\u00b2 per person [12].<\/p><p>Personal space is space between humans.\u00a0 Robots are not humans.\u00a0 There is some research that indicates humans do not view robots as social entities (humans) [13].\u00a0 The spatial distance that humans will require with robots is probably affected by the same factors that affect spatial distance between humans such as age and culture.<\/p><p>Research is needed in this area.\u00a0 However, in the absence of data, a starting point might be to add a buffer zone of 150 mm around a room service robot.\u00a0 For example, a cylindrical robot with a diameter of 500 mm would occupy, 0.5 m\u00b2 (space diameter of 800 mm).<\/p><p>Personal space for tug type robots should be different because they will need large lifts due to their mass, physical dimensions, and turning envelopes.\u00a0 Tug robots will not be considered in the traffic section of this paper.<\/p><h3>4\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Traffic effects<\/h3><p>Room service robots are being installed in an existing 4 Star hotel in California.\u00a0 A study of the impact of these robots on passenger traffic was conducted.\u00a0 The following are the building, lift system, and passenger characteristics used for this traffic study.<\/p><p>Building:<\/p><p>Floors: 25\u00a0<\/p><p>Rooms: 510, Located on Levels 4 \u2013 25<\/p><p>Dispatch Lobby: Level 1<\/p><p>Occupancy: 440 Guests based on 86% occupancy and 1 person per room.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Lift System:<\/p><p>Number of Cars: 4<\/p><p>Capacity: 1600 kg<\/p><p>Speed: 2.5 m\/s<\/p><p>Dispatch Algorithm: Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA).<\/p><p>Door Type: Center Opening<\/p><p>Door width: 1066 mm.<\/p><p>Car Loading: 60% by Volume<\/p><p>Passengers:<br \/>Humans:<\/p><p>Loading Time: 1.2 s<\/p><p>Unloading Time: 1.2 s<\/p><p>Area: .26m\u00b2<\/p><p>Robots (room service type):<\/p><p>Loading Time: 2.4s<\/p><p>Unloading time: 2.4 s<\/p><p>Area: 0.5 m\u00b2<\/p><p>Traffic Template: Peters (CIBSE) Hotel<\/p><p>Figure 1 below graphically represents the Passenger Demand levels of the Peters (CIBSE) Hotel traffic when applied to the occupancy of the subject hotel.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Robotsnonhumanpassengers\/Fig1.png\" alt=\"\" \/>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Figure 1 Passenger Demand, Peters (CIBSE) Hotel Template<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Figures 2 and 3 show the results of traffic simulations using a Peters (CIBSE) Hotel Template with no robots installed.\u00a0 Figure 2 shows Waiting Times while Figure 3 shows Transit Times.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Robotsnonhumanpassengers\/Fig2.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p><p><strong>Figure 2 Waiting Times without robots<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Robotsnonhumanpassengers\/Fig3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"609\" height=\"446\" \/>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Figure 3 Transit Times without robots<\/strong><\/p><p>Figures 4 and 5 show the results of traffic simulations using a Peters (CIBSE) Hotel Template with one additional person making a room service delivery.\u00a0 The one person makes one delivery round trip every 5minutes.\u00a0 Figure 4 shows Waiting times while Figure 5 shows Transit Times.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Robotsnonhumanpassengers\/Fig4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"611\" height=\"448\" \/><\/p><p><strong>Figure 4 Waiting Times with one additional human passenger<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Robotsnonhumanpassengers\/Fig5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"610\" height=\"448\" \/>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Figure 5 Transit Times with one additional human passenger<\/strong><\/p><p>Figures 6 and 7 show the results of traffic simulations using a Peters (CIBSE) Hotel Template with one robot making a room service delivery.\u00a0 The one robot makes one delivery round trip every 5minutes.\u00a0 Figure 6 shows Waiting times while Figure 7 shows Transit Times.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Robotsnonhumanpassengers\/Fig6.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p><p><strong>Figure 6 Waiting Times with one robot<\/strong><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/wordpress.peters-research.com\/images\/stories\/papers\/Robotsnonhumanpassengers\/Fig7.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p><p><strong>Figure 7 Transit Times with one robot<\/strong><\/p><p>Table 1 summarizes these results.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>Waiting Time\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/td><td>Transit Time\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/td><td>Time to Destination\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>No Robots<\/td><td>36.1s<\/td><td>57.0s<\/td><td>93.1s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>With 1 additional person\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/td><td>40.1s<\/td><td>60.9s<\/td><td>101.0s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>With 1 robot<\/td><td>45.1s<\/td><td>62.1s<\/td><td>107.2s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Additional time for 1 robot compared to 1 person<\/td><td>5.0s<\/td><td>1.2s<\/td><td>6.2s<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><strong>Table 1 Waiting Times, Transit Times and Times to Destination<\/strong><\/p><p>It should be noted that one robot will increase waiting time by 12.5% more than 1 person due to \u201cpersonal space\u201d and loading\/unloading time.<\/p><h3>5\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Conclusions<\/h3><p>Robots should be considered as a new class of passenger because they do not yet behave in the same manner as humans.<\/p><p>At present, their speed must be controlled during loading and unloading to either control kinetic energy or velocity.\u00a0 With continuing improvements in machine vision, robots may become better at avoiding collisions with people and property than humans and these restraints could be relaxed.<\/p><p>The physical shape of robots is not the same as humans and so the floor space they occupy is different from humans.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p><p>More research is needed to understand the human interaction with robots as passengers.\u00a0 We need to know how much personal separation humans need between themselves and robots.<\/p><p>The speed and personal space characteristics of robots have a negative effect on the traffic handling capacity of lift systems.\u00a0 If robots are planned for a new building, the proposed lift system should be designed acknowledging these effects.\u00a0 If robots are proposed for an existing building, a traffic study should be performed that demonstrates the impact of the robots.<\/p><p>The number of robot installations is growing.\u00a0 Lift traffic consultants need to understand the impact of robots on traffic so they can properly advise their clients.<\/p><p><strong>REFERENCES<\/strong><\/p><ol><li>Industrial Robot Available from: http:en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Industrial robot\u00a0 Last Accessed: 5 February, 2018.<\/li><li>International Standard ISO 8373: 2012 Robots and robotic devices \u2013 Vocabulary<\/li><li>Executive Summary World Robotics 2017 Service Robots\u00a0 Available from: https:\/\/ifr.org\/downloads\/press\/Executive_Summary_WR_Service_Robots_2017_1.pdf Accessed 09 February, 2018\u00a0<\/li><li>International Standard ISO 13482: 2014 Robots and robotic devices \u2013 Safety requirements for personal care robots<\/li><li>Relay Autonomous Service Available from: https:\/\/www.swisslog.com\/en-us\/healthcare\/products\/material-transport\/autonomous-service-robot Accessed: 10 February, 2010<\/li><li>International Standard ISO 13849-1:2015 Safety of Machinery\u2014Safety-related parts of control system.<\/li><li>TUG T3 Autonomous Mobile Robot Available from: www.aethon.com\/tug Last Accessed: 06 February 2018.<\/li><li>Discussions with Phil Herget, Savioke Robotics, January, 2018.<\/li><li>CIBSE, The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Transportation Systems in Buildings, Guide D. CIBSE, Norwich (2015).<\/li><li>Giancoli, D. (2012) Physics: Principles with Applications. Boston, Pearson<\/li><li>ASME, American Society of Mechanical Engineers A17.1 (2013) Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. ASME, New York<\/li><li>Barney, G. (2003) Elevator Traffic Handbook. London: Spon Press.<\/li><li>Walters, M. et al, (2005) Close Encounters: Spatial Distances between People and a Robot of Mechanistic Appearance. In: Proceedings of 2005 5th IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>BIOGRAPHICAL DETAILS<\/strong><\/p><p>Rory Smith is Visiting Professor in Lift Technology at the University of Northampton.\u00a0 He has over 49 years of lift industry experience during which he held positions in research and development, manufacturing, installation, service, modernization, and sales.\u00a0 His areas of special interest are Robotics, Machine Learning, Traffic Analysis, dispatching algorithms, and ride quality.\u00a0 Numerous patents have been awarded for his work.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Robots, Non-human Passengers Rory Smith The University of Northampton\u00a0Northampton UK\u00a0 This paper was presented at The 9th Symposium on Lift &amp; Escalator Technology (CIBSE Lifts Group, The University of Northampton and LEIA) (2018).\u00a0 This web version \u00a9 Peters Research Ltd 2018 Keywords:\u00a0Lifts, robots, traffic handling. Abstract.\u00a0Lifts are increasingly being called upon to transport robots between [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":860,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_canvas","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1085","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Robots, Non-human Passengers - Peters Research<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Robots, Non-human Passengers - Peters Research\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Robots, Non-human Passengers Rory Smith The University of Northampton\u00a0Northampton UK\u00a0 This paper was presented at The 9th Symposium on Lift &amp; Escalator Technology (CIBSE Lifts Group, The University of Northampton and LEIA) (2018).\u00a0 This web version \u00a9 Peters Research Ltd 2018 Keywords:\u00a0Lifts, robots, traffic handling. 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